Clinical characteristics of study subjects in the two stages
| Subjects in discovery stage | Subjects in replication stage | |
|---|---|---|
| N | 2,936 | 2,449 |
| Age (years) | 63.41 ± 12.98 | 63.77 ± 12.50 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 11.69 ± 8.74 | 11.89 ± 8.78 |
| Sex (male %) | 59.3 | 56.4 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.97 ± 4.26 | 26.09 ± 4.48 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.74 ± 2.55 | 7.71 ± 2.44 |
| HbA1c (%)* | 7.40 (6.70–8.30) | 7.20 (6.60–8.10) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)* | 77 (58–94) | 80 (59–94) |
| Hypertension (%) | 88.0 | 87.7 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 63.7 | 69.7 |
| Ever smoke (%) | 34.7 | 32.3 |
| Antihyperglycemia treatment | ||
| OAD (%) | 94.5 | 93.4 |
| Metformin (%) | 74.9 | 74.3 |
| Insulin (%) | 30.7 | 28.8 |
| Diet only (%) | 2.0 | 3.1 |
| DN (%) | 55.2 | 54.2 |
| STDR (%) | 15.1 | 15.2 |
| CAD (%) | 37.1 | 14.5 |
| PEDF (µg/mL)* | 9.41 (8.07–11.22) | 9.45 (7.95–11.25) |
Data are mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or %, unless otherwise stated. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or on antihypertension medications. Dyslipidemia was defined as fasting triglycerides ≥1.69 mmol/L, HDL cholesterol <1.04 mmol/L in men and < 1.29 mmol/L in women, LDL cholesterol ≥3.4 mmol/L, or on lipid-lowering agents. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; OAD, orally administered antidiabetes drugs.
*Natural-log transformed before analysis.