Clinical characteristics and measures of cardiac autonomic function
| Control subjects (n = 30) | Normoalbuminuria (n = 30) | Macroalbuminuria (n = 30) | P (control subject vs. normoalbuminuria) | P (normoalbuminuria vs. macroalbuminuria) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 12 (40) | 12 (40) | 13 (43) | 1.0 | 0.79 |
| Age (years) | 59.8 ± 9.9 | 59.8 ± 9.1 | 58.2 ± 9.9 | 0.99 | 0.52 |
| Known diabetes duration (years) | 32.6 ± 12.7 | 41.4 ± 13.3 | 0.01 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 3.4 | 25.6 ± 4.1 | 27.2 ± 4.2 | 0.38 | 0.15 |
| 24-h systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127 ± 13 | 135 ± 9 | 138 ± 11 | 0.009 | 0.26 |
| 24-h diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79 ± 8 | 78 ± 6 | 77 ± 5 | 0.88 | 0.48 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 61 ± 8 | 69 ± 12 | 72 ± 12 | 0.003 | 0.41 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35.8 ± 1.9 | 61.3 ± 8.3 | 66.3 ± 11.7 | <0.0001 | 0.70 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.17 | 7.8 ± 0.76 | 8.2 ± 1.07 | <0.0001 | 0.70 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | <0.0001 | 0.32 |
| eGFR (mL min−1 1.73 m−2) | 82.8 ± 13.1 | 89.1 ± 10.4 | 62.5 ± 23.1 | 0.043 | <0.0001 |
| UACR (mg/g)* | 6 [5–10.5] | 3 (3–5) | 121 [53–283] | 0.0002 | <0.0001 |
| Smokers | 4 (13) | 4 (14) | 4 (14) | 0.96 | 1.0 |
| Alcohol (beverages/week) | 8.5 (4–14) | 7 (4–18) | 6.5 (1–14) | 0.87 | 0.91 |
| Physical activity (hours/week) | 5.0 ± 4.2 | 4.9 ± 5.3 | 6.1 ± 11.4 | 0.93 | 0.61 |
| Treatment | |||||
| Antihypertensive | 3 (10) | 17 (57) | 30 (100) | 0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| RAAS inhibition | 3 (10) | 14 (47) | 29 (97) | 0.002 | <0.0001 |
| β-Blocker | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 8 (27) | 1.0 | 0.03 |
| Aspirin | 1 (3) | 11 (37) | 19 (63) | 0.0012 | 0.04 |
| Lipid-lowering | 0 (0) | 21 (70) | 24 (80) | <0.0001 | 0.37 |
| Amlodipine | 0 (0) | 4 (13) | 10 (33) | 0.11 | 0.07 |
| Known coronary artery disease | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 7 (23) | — | 0.01 |
| MFR | 3.0 ± 0.79 | 3.1 ± 0.79 | 2.1 ± 0.92 | 0.74 | <0.0001 |
| HRV measures | |||||
| Time and frequency domains | |||||
| SDNN intervals (ms) | 39.4 [28.6–53.0] | 30.0 [20.5–49.6] | 18.5 [13.3–34.8] | 0.057 | 0.057 |
| RMSSD (ms) | 25 [20.4–39.45] | 19.25 [10.1–30.9] | 13.0 [6.5–20.1] | 0.065 | 0.21 |
| LF power (ms2) | 196.7 [78.3–308.7] | 73.1 [24.7–238.3] | 21.1 [14.6–92.5] | 0.045 | 0.099 |
| HF power (ms2) | 70.9 [45.9–131.5] | 43.2 [12.0–87.1]] | 22.3 [5.3–66.0] | 0.077 | 0.20 |
| LF/HF (ratio) | 2.05 [1.38–4.25] | 2.07 [1.34–3.52] | 2.06 [0.89–3.46] | 0.64 | 0.44 |
| Total power (ms2) | 606.1 [253.6–1,106.2] | 291.7 [118.6–644.5] | 101.9 [54.6–447.4] | 0.03 | 0.08 |
| CARTs | |||||
| 30-to-15 ratio (response to standing) | 1.24 ± 0.17 | 1.12 ± 0.11 | 1.03 ± 0.25 | 0.0002 | 0.12 |
| E-to-I ratio (deep breathing) | 1.24 ± 0.15 | 1.15 ± 0.12 | 1.12 ± 0.0 | 0.02 | 0.28 |
| Valsalva test ratio | 1.77 ± 0.41 | 1.48 ± 0.19 | 1.39 ± 0.34 | 0.0045 | 0.33 |
| CAN | |||||
| No CAN | 28 (100) | 22 (85) | 13 (43) | 0.047 | 0.03 |
| CAN | 0 (0) | 4 (15) | 10 (57) | ||
| 123I-MIBG imaging | n = 14 | n = 30 | n = 30 | ||
| Late heart-to-mediastinum ratio | 2.9 ± 0.39 | 2.6 ± 0.38 | 2.3 ± 0.50 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| Sudomotor function | |||||
| Feet (µS) | 69.9 ± 14.4 | 55.2 ± 24.4 | 0.008 | ||
| Sudomotor dysfunction** | 11 (38) | 18 (62) | 0.006 | ||
| Hands (µS) | 58.6 ± 17.0 | 47.5 ± 18.7 | 0.02 | ||
| Sudomotor dysfunction** | 8 (27) | 18 (62) | 0.006 |
Data represent total number (%), mean ± SD, or median [IQR]. CAN was defined as no CAN when no pathological CART results were detected or if only one abnormal CART result was detected and as definite if two or three abnormal CART results were detected, according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
*UAER for control subjects.
**We applied age- and sex-stratified electrochemical skin conduction thresholds when evaluating sudomotor dysfunction in hands and feet.