DCCT baseline characteristics of participants according to the presence or absence of any DPN over the duration of the DCCT/EDIC study, through EDIC year 13/14
| Overall | No | Yes | Per unit change | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1,386 | 931 | 455 | ||||
| Design | |||||||
| Treatment group (% conventional) | 51 | 48 | 57 | Conventional vs. intensive | 1.56 (1.26, 1.93) | 0.0001 | |
| Cohort (% secondary) | 51 | 45 | 61 | Secondary vs. primary | 1.90 (1.53, 2.36) | <0.0001 | |
| Physical | |||||||
| Sex (% men) | 52 | 49 | 60 | Men vs. women | 1.51 (1.21, 1.88) | 0.0002 | |
| Age (years) | 27 (22, 32) | 26 (21, 32) | 29 (24, 34) | 5 years | 1.30 (1.21, 1.41) | <0.0001 | |
| Adult (% ≥18 years) | 87 | 84 | 91 | ≥18 vs. <18 years | 1.83 (1.28, 2.63) | 0.0009 | |
| Height (cm) | 171 (164, 179) | 170 (163, 177) | 174 (167, 182) | 5 cm | 1.20 (1.13, 1.27) | <0.0001 | |
| Weight men (kg) | 74 (67, 82) | 73 (66, 80) | 78 (70, 85) | 5 kg | 1.19 (1.11, 1.27) | <0.0001 | |
| Weight women (kg) | 62 (56, 69) | 61 (55, 68) | 64 (58, 70) | 5 kg | 1.20 (1.10, 1.32) | <0.0001 | |
| BMI men (kg/m2) | 24 (22, 25) | 23 (21, 25) | 24 (22, 26) | 1 kg/m2 | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 0.0052 | |
| BMI women (kg/m2) | 23 (21, 25) | 23 (21, 25) | 23 (22, 25) | 1 kg/m2 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | 0.0021 | |
| Behavioral | |||||||
| Cigarette smoker (%) | 18 | 18 | 20 | Yes vs. no | 1.23 (0.94, 1.60) | 0.1358 | |
| Occasional or regular alcohol use (%) | 22 | 20 | 24 | Yes vs. none | 1.23 (0.95, 1.59) | 0.1107 | |
| Moderate or strenuous activity (%) | 70 | 68 | 74 | Yes vs. sedentary | 1.31 (1.03, 1.66) | 0.0264 | |
| Family history | |||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 56 | 54 | 58 | Yes vs. no | 1.16 (0.93, 1.44) | 0.1872 | |
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 49 | 47 | 52 | Yes vs. no | 1.18 (0.95, 1.46) | 0.1366 | |
| Type 1 diabetes (%) | 14 | 14 | 15 | Yes vs. no | 1.22 (0.90, 1.66) | 0.2041 | |
| Type 2 diabetes (%) | 9 | 8 | 12 | Yes vs. no | 1.44 (1.04, 2.00) | 0.0292 | |
| Blood pressure | |||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 114 (106, 122) | 112 (106, 120) | 116 (110,124) | 5 mmHg | 1.11 (1.06, 1.17) | <0.0001 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72 (68, 80) | 70 (66, 78) | 76 (68, 80) | 5 mmHg | 1.16 (1.09, 1.24) | <0.0001 | |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 40 (34, 48) | 40 (34, 48) | 40 (36, 48) | 5 mmHg | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) | 0.2658 | |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 76 (68, 84) | 76 (68, 82) | 76 (70, 84) | 1 bpm | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | <0.0001 | |
| Lipids | |||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 174 (152, 196) | 172 (152, 194) | 176 (155, 202) | 10 mg/dL | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 0.0038 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 70 (55, 93) | 69 (54, 92) | 73 (57, 98) | 10 mg/dL | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.0032 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49 (42, 57) | 50 (42, 58) | 47 (41, 56) | 10 mg/dL | 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) | 0.0614 | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 106 (90, 127) | 104 (89, 125) | 110 (92, 131) | 10 mg/dL | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 0.0011 | |
| History of diabetes | |||||||
| Duration of type 1 diabetes (years) | 4 (2, 9) | 4 (2, 8) | 6 (3, 10) | 1 year | 1.08 (1.06, 1.11) | <0.0001 | |
| Stimulated C-peptide (nmol/L⋅100) | |||||||
| Duration <5 years | 12 (4, 25) | 12 (4, 26) | 13 (4, 24) | 1 year | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.3172 | |
| Duration ≥5 years | 3 (3, 4) | 3 (3, 4) | 3 (3, 3) | 1 year | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 0.6864 | |
| Insulin dose (units/kg/day) | 0.64 (0.50, 0.80) | 0.64 (0.50, 0.81) | 0.63 (0.49, 0.77) | 1 unit/kg/day | 0.88 (0.57, 1.35) | 0.5552 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.80 (7.84, 10.08) | 8.63 (7.70, 9.74) | 9.20 (8.23, 10.60) | 1% | 1.31 (1.22, 1.40) | <0.0001 | |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 72.7 (62.2, 86.7) | 70.8 (60.7, 83.0) | 77.1 (66.5, 92.4) | 1 mmol/mol | 1.31 (1.22, 1.40) | <0.0001 | |
Data are based on 1,386 participants with at least two DPN assessments during DCCT/EDIC. Medians (first quartile, third quartile) or % are presented. ORs and P values were generated using GEE models with no adjustment for other factors.