DCCT baseline characteristics of participants according to the presence or absence of any CAN over the course of the DCCT/EDIC study, through EDIC year 16/17
| Overall | No | Yes | Per unit change | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1,434 | 803 | 631 | |||
| Design | ||||||
| Treatment group (% conventional) | 51 | 49 | 53 | Conventional vs. intensive | 1.36 (1.11, 1.66) | 0.0025 |
| Cohort (% secondary) | 50 | 44 | 57 | Secondary vs. primary | 1.72 (1.41, 2.10) | <0.0001 |
| Physical | ||||||
| Sex (% men) | 53 | 54 | 52 | Men vs. women | 0.92 (0.75, 1.13) | 0.4286 |
| Age (years) | 27 (22, 32) | 26 (21, 31) | 29 (23, 34) | 5 years | 1.39 (1.29, 1.50) | <0.0001 |
| Adult (% ≥18 years) | 86 | 83 | 91 | ≥18 vs. <18 years | 2.03 (1.45, 2.85) | <0.0001 |
| Height (cm) | 171 (164, 179) | 171 (164, 178) | 171 (164, 180) | 5 cm | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 0.4951 |
| Weight men (kg) | 74 (67, 82) | 73 (66, 81) | 76 (69, 84) | 5 kg | 1.14 (1.07, 1.21) | <0.0001 |
| Weight women (kg) | 62 (56, 69) | 61 (55, 68) | 63 (57, 69) | 5 kg | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 0.0251 |
| BMI men (kg/m2) | 24 (22, 25) | 23 (21, 25) | 24 (22, 26) | 1 kg/m2 | 1.10 (1.04, 1.15) | 0.0004 |
| BMI women (kg/m2) | 23 (21, 25) | 23 (21, 25) | 23 (21, 25) | 1 kg/m2 | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 0.0107 |
| Behavioral | ||||||
| Cigarette smoker (%) | 18 | 16 | 21 | Yes vs. no | 1.77 (1.38, 2.28) | <0.0001 |
| Occasional or regular alcohol use (%) | 22 | 19 | 24 | Yes vs. none | 1.31 (1.03, 1.65) | 0.0261 |
| Moderate or strenuous activity (%) | 70 | 67 | 73 | Yes vs. sedentary | 1.23 (0.98, 1.53) | 0.0698 |
| Family history | ||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 56 | 55 | 58 | Yes vs. no | 1.22 (1.00, 1.50) | 0.0528 |
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 49 | 49 | 49 | Yes vs. no | 1.00 (0.81, 1.22) | 0.9666 |
| Type 1 diabetes (%) | 14 | 14 | 15 | Yes vs. no | 1.07 (0.80, 1.43) | 0.6297 |
| Type 2 diabetes (%) | 9 | 8 | 11 | Yes vs. no | 1.54 (1.12, 2.11) | 0.0073 |
| Blood pressure | ||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 114 (106, 122) | 112 (106, 120) | 116 (108, 122) | 5 mmHg | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12) | 0.0021 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72 (68, 80) | 72 (66, 80) | 74 (68, 80) | 5 mmHg | 1.13 (1.07, 1.20) | <0.0001 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 40 (34, 48) | 40 (35, 48) | 40 (34, 48) | 5 mmHg | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 0.9673 |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 76 (68, 84) | 74 (68, 80) | 78 (72, 84) | 1 bpm | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.0001 |
| Lipids | ||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 174 (152, 196) | 171 (150, 195) | 177 (156, 201) | 10 mg/dL | 1.09 (1.06, 1.12) | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 70 (55, 94) | 68 (54, 90) | 72 (56, 98) | 10 mg/dL | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) | 0.0002 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49 (42, 58) | 50 (42, 58) | 48 (42, 57) | 10 mg/dL | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | 0.7660 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 107 (91, 127) | 104 (88, 125) | 110 (92, 130) | 10 mg/dL | 1.10 (1.06, 1.13) | <0.0001 |
| History of diabetes | ||||||
| Duration of type 1 diabetes (years) | 4 (2, 9) | 4 (2, 8) | 5 (2, 10) | 1 year | 1.07 (1.05, 1.10) | <0.0001 |
| Stimulated C-peptide (nmol/L⋅100) | ||||||
| Duration <5 years | 12 (4, 25) | 12 (4, 24) | 13 (5, 27) | 1 year | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.4487 |
| Duration ≥5 years | 3 (3, 4) | 3 (3, 4) | 3 (3,3) | 1 year | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.6122 |
| Insulin dose (units/kg/day) | 0.64 (0.50, 0.80) | 0.65 (0.50, 0.82) | 0.63 (0.50, 0.79) | 1 unit/kg/day | 0.79 (0.52, 1.20) | 0.2679 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.80 (7.82, 10.10) | 8.64 (7.70, 9.81) | 9.00 (8.01, 10.30) | 1% | 1.25 (1.18, 1.33) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 72.7 (62.0, 86.9) | 70.9 (60.7, 83.7) | 74.9 (64.7, 89.1) | 1 mmol/mol | 1.25 (1.18, 1.33) | <0.0001 |
Data are based on 1,434 participants with at least two CAN assessments during DCCT/EDIC. Medians (first quartile, third quartile) or % are presented. ORs and P values were generated using GEE models with no adjustment for other factors.